Large Animal Rescue











The essay is focused on rescue techniques to save the large animals such as horse and cows in danger situations. How to save these animals in danger situations such fire or accident or when animal will fall down in a valley or muddy water etc is real challenge, so the rescuer uses the simple rescue techniques to save them. As we know that large animals have more strength, so the rescuer will make use of that strength in order to save that animals. Therefore this way the rescuer make the powerful animals to make use of their own power, this animal will use their own power to help themselves. This will reduce labor and thus with some good rescue techniques the animal will be saved. But in all this scenarios the major care will be taken to protect rescuer from any type of danger and thus the animals will be saved next.
The special kind of training is required for this kind of risky operation which make the rescuer perfect to judge the situation and will be able to make the decision which is helpful in that particular situation. The training not only teaches how to deal with animals but also teach how to understand the animal behavior and enlightens the inner strength in the rescuer to save the animal in even more worst situations. This is a tough job to perform and but appropriate equipment and technology makes it easy to implement and practice. The key to save animal is the mutual understanding between the co-workers which help them to perform their task with out any confusion. Slight mistakes some time may create big problems both to animals and to the rescuers too.
Summary:
The Large Animal Rescue is also commonly known as Technical Large Animal Rescue is a kind of interaction with large animals in the situation when the animal is in danger. The large animal rescue training is a training where we learn how to keep ourselves safe and while working with an animal which is already injured or in extremely bad situation and of course keeping the safety of animals in mind. There is an advantage in large animal rescue that this animals are big and powerful, the rescuers can make use of there power and help the animals to help themselves.
There are many ways to assist the animal but how to assist the animal depends on the situation and reaction of that animal. The risk factor depends on how the animal reacts in that particular situation. Different animal react differently in different situations. Some may be quite and will respond supportively but some due to scare and other factor react very badly and may cause problems, because when the rescuers are trying to assist a injured animal then the main idea of the animal is to be alive and not be eaten, and in general we can say that the animal will not be in a thinking mode. This type of animal may react in different ways. The risk always depends on the reaction of the animals, some animals due to scarcity may create problems for rescuers. But if the rescuers is trained then they can handle the situation very wisely otherwise it may be dangerous for both rescuer and also to the animal. Therefore if the rescuers are trained then they can handle the situation in a better way.
As the reaction of the animals are ascertain the action of the rescuer may vary according to the situation, If the animal response is good then it will be easy for the rescuers to save the animal will very less damage to the animal. But the problem arises when the animals are not responding well in the situation and will turn badly against the rescuer and may try to harm them, then in this situation the rescuer first thinks of there own safety and secondly the rescuer will try to adopt a method by which they can save the animal with minimum risk.
The choosing of method to save really matters a lot in this kind of situation. if we consider a simple example where the horse in trouble with some obstacle then in this scenario some time it is very worthy to remove the obstacle from the horse but it may not be the same in other situation so at that removing the horse from that place will work out well. Therefore the rescuers will use their own tactics to save animal in different situation. in the similar way we can give such numerous simple examples, to list out few in some situation if the horse can’t make to travel uphill then it is better to make it go downhill. And in other case if the horse is in the trail, then in this situation it is sometimes more easy to cut the trail then to lift the horse up. This thinks can be done by any trainers but which method to adopt in what situation can only be decided perfectly by a trained rescuer. There are many advantages to take training because the untrained worker may sometime create problem in a simple situations. And according to many experts in this area the main problem in tough situation will be the decision of the rescuer. If the rescuers are not trained then they may not take right decisions.
The rescuers will learn many things in the training to name few
1. They learn how to keep themselves save while dealing with the large animals.
2. When they have to call for large animal veterinarian.
3. How a large animal can be safely removed from a trailer
4. How to lift the animal vertically
5. How to take out the animals from mud and quicksand
6. How to safe animal and of course themselves in the situation of fire.
7. How to use the equipments of animal safety and in which situation.
8. Emergency first aid for horses or for any other animals.
9. How to approach, move and catch the horse with or without equipments.
Therefore it is very important for horse riders and for rescuers to take training and learn better ways to save animals in dangerous situations. The trained rescuers will use many equipments to save animals, but if this equipments is used by a person who has not taken any training then it may result in a serious injuries or may some time cause death. The most important equipment can be listed as
Personal Gear:
Every rescuer should have these things in personal for their own use. It is suggestible that everyone should have their own such equipment for safely handling the situations. Some of these personal gears can be named as
1. Gloves to catch hold of ropes and mechanical equipments etc
2. Boats are really necessary when animals stuck in to mud or in place or fire.
3. Headwear-it may be a good helmet which may protect the head.
4. Goggles, ear protection are mainly used when there is chance of exposure due to fire or due to some other kind of serious damage.
5. Protective clothing, level C HazMat suit, body harness, and
6. Water rescue gear such as dry suit, boots, helmet etc.
The other basic rescue equipment which the rescue team should carry with them in any kind of operation is: the emergency rope halter, wide fire hose web with sewn loops on each end, spread bar, gallon of water-based lubricants, nylon web with loops on each end, horse head protection, large steel carabiners, large bed sheet, Large animal first-aid box, dust tape, insulated horse blanket etc.
It is also good to have following things which rescuers may need in certain situations, so to be on safe side it is better to carry all this things with the equipment mention above, it can be listed as portable fence, mud rescue kit, portable winch, rope anchor system, power generator, portable flood lights, portable air tank, photo camera, video camera, transport boxes for equipments, chemical capture equipments after consulting with veterinarian.
Techniques to save Large animals:
When the animal fall in to the river and unable to make it out of it then there are few techniques to follow to safely deal the situation, we need to make use of hose ie., the kind of floating plastic or wooden rod is used which help the horse to float on water and there by tying the rope at the belly and girth part of the horse it can be taken out of the river. The condition sometime will become worst if the rescuer cant make it out to put the rope near belly and girth, instead if they put it to neck then that will be a dangerous situation, so it is suggested to avoid that way.

The images have been provided to have a clear understanding of how the horse which is caught in the mud can be saved. Imagine a scenario when the horse is caught in the mud or quicksand. The mad will caught the animal in the very distinct way and it is really tough to move any animal in the mud. It need a good planning and patience. Here the rescuer has to take a special care because some time they may slip in to the mud and in that scenario rescuer has to be very careful. The most important thing is the horse should not be pulled by keeping the rope in to its head or legs. Instead the technique suggest to use the broad rope and should be fixed on the appropriate position as shown.

From figure 1, we can see that in the background a sheet is being prepared which will be helpful for the support of horse to come out from the mud. The ropes should not be put on the place which may heart or may will be uneasy to horse. The position matters a lot because if the rope is place in the sensitive parts of horse body then it may irritate it and any wrong action of it at that time will cause a big problem. Therefore for the safety of the animal it has to roped well.

Figure 2 shows the place to keep the sheet and rope is also seen very clearly. Now when every things seems to be right the horse will be lifted up with a Crain type machine. The ropes will be fixed to the hookes of the machine and then the machine will lift the horse and put it on the safe place. Here in all these process, the positioning of rope matters a lot.
Another approach to help animal is TLAER. In the olden days also the ropes and slings were commonly used to transport animals from one place to another. This situation occur when there is a water which is very deep and it is very dangerous to cross for any animal. This technique is generally used by the formers who don’t what to travel there animal in boat because of danger. But this is a real hard work and cant be perform and preferred by many. Figure below shows the image of a precarious Mekong River was first published the magazine of national Geographic in September 1921. The owner of the beast supply his own power, hand over hand and cross the river with his beast.

When the ropes are not available or else men power is less than the animals then simple technique can be used to take the animal to the destination. The animals have a mentality that they will follow the bigger and powerful among then. If the powerful among them is controlled by the owner then every one else will also follow the big animal. Therefore we can make use of this technique to control all animals and make to follow one particular path.
This scenario is helpful, for example when the owner has to take care of 5 or more animals and the owner has only one rope then in this case the owner has to select one perticuar animal which is powerful and bigger among them, then tie rope to that particular animal and move with that animal then all other animals will follow the first one, thereby decreases the man labor with simple technique.

The situation may come when trailer detached from the trunk and rolled downhill and filled on it. In this scenario try to use ropes and pull the trailer to its normal position it is impossible to do so then we need to cut the trailer such that it may not harm the animal. The animal inside will be really panic so try to avoid going close to the animal, this may cause the rescuer to be in trouble. This situation may sometime turn worst when some one try to step on the trailer and want to open the door of the trailer manually, instead we need to use the rod to open the door to avoid the aggressive animal nature. If the animal is injured then we need to use the First aid box to medicate it at the right time without any danger to animal


There may be other situation when the animals have to protected from Fire. There are many ways by which the form may catch fire and it is a very dangerous situation because the forms are generally situated at rural area and away from the cities. So it may take a long time for the fire department to come and remove fire. So it is better to have a safety measure then to put off the fire. There are many preventive measures to avoid the form to catch fire.
The two main sources for catching fire is Ignition source and Fuel source. The Ignition source are smoking-matches, smoking materials, faulty electrical wiring which includes extension codes, heaters, heat lamps, lights, sparks from motors, truck or machinery exhaust and friction from worn mechanical component etc, whereas fuel sources are Hay, bedding material-straw, wood for building frame work, stall walls, blanket, cloth, cleaning rags, and liquid fuels such as gasoline, kerosene etc. The following are the few
preventive steps to avoid fire in the forms.
The first to avoid fire in the form is to identify ignition sources in the form and eliminate them. For example the matches and smoking material should be kept away from the dry grass as the dry grass will catch fire very quickly. Try to avoid the extension code as much as possible and make use of electric wiring and care should be taken that no wire should be kept open ended which may lead to sparks. Care should be taken for heaters, it should be turn off immediately after its use, similarly the case with heat lamps and lights. Replace the motor which give sparks or else try to fix the problem. Store hey at proper moisture level and its condition has to be check at regular interval.
Liquids fuels should be store separately; the fire producing things should not be put close to the blanket, cloth, rags or any kind of liquids. Make sure that there is no bare wires exposed. Look at the wire carefully which indicate heating or arcing. Avoid overloading the circuit. The major source for fire hazard is extension cord. It may cause danger to both animals as well as to the human. Make sure that all the electronic equipments used in the form is well maintained.
The modern technique of firm alarm system should be used, and try to keep the fire extinguisher in the form at some places. The family member and those who work in the form should do some kind of pre planning. The proper strategy may avoid a lot of damage and thus every one working in the form should know how to evacuate the barn and how to remove the animals from the firms. There should be separate exit for this type of situation. everyone should know where phones are located in the firm, and make sure to have the first aid box at nearby place.


Conclusion:
I feel that Large animal rescue is a very tough job and can only be performed by the people who has real interest in animals. Only animals lovers can do this jobs and rescue should have good sense of humor and more operation he/she will perform, more experience they get. So its basically depends on the experience and skills. The experience make the rescuer to deal with tough situation with ease. It is the job to be done with lot of patience and self confidence.
I feel awareness should be made among the people through news papers and TV channel or though small documentary kind of movies with real experience of some rescuers. If people will be more familiar with the situation then they will try to handle with it by themselves up to some extend till the rescue team arrive at the spot.
I strongly believe that people who are working as rescues should take Large animal rescue training in order to make themselves confident enough to deal for any kind of situation and moreover the techniques thought in this training period is really good and worth. Its all deal with common sense all together with proper tools and equipments. If the person wants to help animal but is not properly trained then he may make the situation even worst like to save the horse in the water or in mud, if the rescuer don’t know where to put a rope and by mistake if he put it in the animals neck then he will make the situation worst then before.
Therefore this training teach the rescuer to deal with situation and how to make a mutual understanding between the co-workers because while rescuing any large animal the better understanding and team work is needed. Every individual should be perfect at his work and everyone should know what to do and when to do and how to do the particular task. Any mistake by any individual may cause problem to the life of animal and may sometime create problems for their co-workers. And sometimes leads to someone’s death.
Outline:
The essay is focused on rescue techniques to save the large animals such as horse and cows in danger situations. How to save these animals in danger situations such fire or accident or when animal will fall down in a valley or muddy water etc is real challenge, so the rescuer uses the simple rescue techniques to save them. The Large Animal Rescue is also commonly known as Technical Large Animal Rescue is a kind of interaction with large animals in the situation when the animal is in danger. There is an advantage in large animal rescue that this animals are big and powerful, the rescuers can make use of there power and help the animals to help themselves. The risk factor depends on how the animal reacts in that particular situation. Different animal react differently in different situations. Some may be quite and will respond supportively but some due to scare and other factor react very badly and may cause problems, because when the rescuers are trying to assist a injured animal then the main idea of the animal is to be alive and not be eaten, and in general we can say that if the rescuers are trained then they can handle the situation in a better way. But the problem arises when the animals are not responding well in the situation and will turn badly against the rescuer and may try to harm them, then in this situation the rescuer first thinks of there own safety and secondly the rescuer will try to adopt a method by which they can save the animal with minimum risk.
The rescuers will learn many things in the training to name few, they learn how to keep themselves save while dealing with the large animals, when they have to call for large animal veterinarian, how a large animal can be safely removed from a trailer, how to lift the animal vertically, how to take out the animals from mud and quicksand, how to safe animal and of course themselves in the situation of fire. how to use the equipments of animal safety and in which situation, emergency first aid for horses or for any other animals. How to approach, move and catch the horse with or without equipments.
Therefore it is very important for horse riders and for rescuers to take training and learn better ways to save animals in dangerous situations. The most important equipment can be listed as Personal Gear: Every rescuer should have this things in personal for there own use. It is suggestible that everyone should have there own such equipment for safely handling the situations. Some of these personal gears can be named as gloves, boats, headwear-it may be a good helmet which may protect the head, goggles, ear protection, protective clothing, level C HazMat suit, body harness, and water rescue gear such as dry suit, boots, helmet etc. Techniques to save Large animals, among them, then tie rope to that particular animal and move with that animal then all other animals will follow the first one, thereby decreases the man labor with simple technique. The situation may come when trailer detached from the trunk and rolled downhill and filled on it. In this scenario try to use ropes and pull the trailer to its normal position it is impossible to do so then we need to cut the trailer such that it may not harm the animal. There may be other situation when the animals have to protected from Fire. There are many ways by which the form may catch fire and it is a very dangerous situation because the forms are generally situated at rural area and away from.
The two main sources for catching fire is Ignition source and Fuel source. The Ignition source are smoking-matches, smoking materials, faulty electrical wiring which includes extension codes, heaters, heat lamps, lights, sparks from motors, truck or machinery exhaust and friction from worn mechanical component etc, whereas fuel sources are Hay, bedding material-straw, wood for building frame work, stall walls, blanket, cloth, cleaning rags, and liquid fuels such as gasoline, kerosene etc. The modern technique of firm alarm system should be used, and try to keep the fire extinguisher in the form at some places. The family member and those who work in the form should do some kind of pre planning. The proper strategy may avoid a lot of damage and thus every one working in the form should know how to evacuate the barn and how to remove the animals from the firms. There should be separate exit for this type of situation. everyone should know where phones are located in the firm, and make sure to have the first aid box at nearby place.
Therefore I strongly believe that ever rescuer has to take a training in order know the logics and techniques of this work. Therefore this training teach the rescuer to deal with situation and how to make a mutual understanding between the co-workers because while rescuing any large animal the better understanding and team work is needed. Every individual should be perfect at his work and everyone should know what to do and when to do and how to do the particular task. Any mistake by any individual may cause problem to the life of animal and may sometime create problems for their co-workers. And sometimes leads to someone’s death.











Reference:
http://www.largeanimalrescue.com/rescue03.html
http://www.farmemergencies.psu.edu/lganimaltraining.pdf
http://www.saveyourhorse.com/
http://www.mtanimalsanctuary.com/
http://www.hast.net/LART.htm
http://nickernews.net/large-animal-rescue.aspx
http://hagyard.com/rescue/equipment
http://www.farmemergencies.psu.edu/lganimaltraining.pdf
http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0813819989.html
http://www.tlaer.org/
http://companydatabase.org/c/animal-training/animal-rescue/services-animals/county-animal/

MGM GRAND HOTEL FIRE


On November 21st, 1980 there was a tragic fire at the MGM Grand Hotel in Las Vegas, Nevada, which subsequently resulted in the unfortunate deaths of 85 hotel employees and guests (Bryan, 1981). The hotel was built in 1973 on 43 acres of land and was considered to be one of the largest hotels in its era. The official address of the hotel was 3645 Las Vegas Blvd; the gaming space of hotel consisted of over 65,000 sq. ft. of sprawling space. The hotel consisted of 21 stories (Bryan, 1981). The hotel was partially sprinklered; there significant areas of the hotel which were not sprinklered. The hotel consisted of the following main areas: showrooms, casino, restaurant, Deli, mercantile complex, convention facilities, and jai alai fronton. The hotel was built by Kirk Kerkorian; the hotel contained 2,084 rooms (Bryan, 1981).
According to official reports, there was nearly 600 people injured; 35 fire fighters needed medical attention during and consequently after the fire. The fire started in the casino restaurant and progressed upward to the rest of the hotel (Bryan, 1981). According to the official hotel registry, there were 3,400 guests staying at the hotel during the time of the fire. At the time of the fire, there was construction going on an adjacent tower, which was left undamaged (NFPA, 1980). The fire caused extensive damage and outlined the need for improved new fire and safety codes. This was important since up until this point, there fire and safety codes did not represent a uniform standard of fire safety. The codes from the MGM Grand have been implemented worldwide. The significance of the fire is multi-factorial in nature; however we cannot discount the innocent loss of life, which could have been saved with strict fire and safety code enforcement (NFPA, 1980).
The MGM Grand represents an enlightening look an archaic fire and safety system, which was altered and modeled to ensure complete safety of hotel guests, hotel staff, and fire fighters. In this essay, we will espouse the details involving the fire, discuss the response, and further articulate the limitations of the old system, while advocating shortcomings and suggesting further improvements in the quality of fire safety (NFPA, 1980). In this essay, we will use primary references from the Clark County Fire Department records. These records will ensure quality satisfaction of the information and further encrypt any extraneous variables which may be mis-represented by eye-witness accounts or other trivial news articles. The Clark County Record provides an accurate, valid, and significant report where thoughtful insight can be gleaned from the official record of one of the worst fires in American history. Officially, it was the second largest life-loss hotel fire in America’s history (NFPA, 1980).
According to the Clark County Fire Department, the genesis of the fire most probably resulted from faulty electrical ground fault. Furthermore, the investigators surmised that several factors could have contributed to the fire (CCFD, 1981). Nonetheless, the official report states the fire most likely came from the wall suffix of the side stand in the Deli. The Deli was one of five major restaurants located near the casino floor. Ultimately, the investigators reached the conclusion that the ignition of the fire came primarily from the electrical ground fault (CCFD, 1981). The Deli was close due to construction and was not yet open for business. According to the official report, at 7:05 am, a manager of a tile and marble company came to Deli to check the area for broken tiles (CCFD, 1981). He first noticed a flickering light; he continued his examination and discovered flames coming from a wall. He states that the flames were traveling from the countertop to the ceiling.
The manager called hotel security and told them about the fire. He then secured a hose line and obtained a fire extinguisher. The manager tried to put the fire out himself or at the very minimum contain the fire but he was unsuccessful (CCFD, 1981).
There were a myriad of factors going against him: collaboration of smoke, intense heat and pressure. Each time he made an attempt to enter the Deli; those synergistic forces propelled him to the ground. The gravitational forces were so strong and against him; he made the wise and important decision to depart from the area and seek additional help. During this time, several people tried unsuccessfully to put out the flames using fire extinguishers, however they failed since the fire was getting out of control and was too large to extinguish at that particular time (CCFD, 1981). Participants in the casino at that time notices black smoke coming from the Deli premises.
At that point, flames were seen coming out from the entrance of the building. It did not take very long for the fire to reach its full-onslaught. The fire received its impetus from paper and plastic. They were pictures along the wall and the fire gained momentum from mixing with the paper and plastic (CCFD, 1981). Further, it is noted that the fire smoldered for a significant time before it broke into the wall. In merely six minutes since the manager discovered the fire, the main casino area was heavily occupied in the midst of the fire. According to official estimates, the burning speed was anywhere from 15 to 19 feet per second (CCFD, 1981). This is an important figure and should be noted with particular attention. There is a direct correlation between the speed of the fire and the extent of damage.
The first call to the Clark County Fire Department was acknowledged at 7:17 am, respectively. The fire engine #11 arrived at 7:19 am (CCFD, 1981). The captain was Rex Smith. The engineer was Chad Marshall, who was accompanied to the fire scene with fellow firefighters: Ted Singer, Toby Lamuraglia, and Bert Sweeney. They choose to position the 1,500 GPM fire engine at the Northern point of the casino for strategically defined points (CCFD, 1981). Also, upon arrival, they instigated the High Rise Preplan.
When the firefighters entered the casino main floor, they observed the appearance of black smoke. This black smoke was coming from the Deli area. The fire crew was only 40 feet into the hotel and an enormous “fireball” erupted from the Deli and moved into the main area of the casino (NFPA, 1980). According to the National Fire Protection Association’s Report, one of the firefighters stated, “I saw three or four people coming out of the delicatessen area, and they started running across this ramp to these doors in front of us. At that time, all of us stopped You can see sort of a stratified layer of black smoke At the same time we noticed this stratified layer which was probably down about six to eight feet from the ceiling. A fireball and a heavy dense black cloud with a little bit of flame visible in the perimeter of the flames started rolling out… When we got to the doors, it felt like the fire had pushed us outside, the smoke had dropped so fast” (NFPA, 1980).
The fire crew had to abandon the area and swiftly proceeded away from the premises. This was an important and wise move since their life was in grave danger at that point in time. The hotel did not contain sprinklers (NFPA, 1980).
According to experts, many surmise that the fire would have been prevented if a proper sprinkler system would have been installed. Furthermore, they suggest that the MGM Grand fire would have been a two sprinkler fire if such a system existed. During the construction in early 1970s, hotel executives were more concerned with future profits rather than embracing social responsibility and a concern for the health of future hotel guests and staff. Fire marshalls of Clark County begged the hotel executives to install sprinklers, but they were reluctant (NFPA, 1980). It is a shame that the Fire Marshalls did not get a mandatory injunction from the City Council to authorize an obligatory sprinkler system or construction would have been stopped immediately. This could have prevented the worst fire seen in the history of the state of Nevada and saved nearly a hundred lives. Officials estimate that the sprinklers would have only $192,000; this was a fraction of the entire cost of the hotel which was estimated at $106 million dollars.
According to the National Fire Protection Association’s (NFPA) Report (1980) on the MGM Grand, the Deli received a special exemption for not needing to have the sprinklers. It was thought since it was a 24 hour restaurant, there would no need for sprinklers since an employee would always be present and could out any substantial fire with the use of a fire extinguisher. This was completely absurd logic and further shows the MGM management as practicing negligence, carelessness, and un-ethical behavior. At the time of the fire, the Deli was closed and there were no employees in the area (NFPA, 1980).
According to the NFPA’s report, the manager who was first at the scene of fire was not properly trained in fire and safety and furthermore he could not even find a single fire extinguisher. This is contrary to what we have stated earlier (NFPA, 1980). According to NFPA report, none of the employees could find a single fire extinguisher. In the report, there was a local firefighter on the scene of the fire, who was a guest at the hotel and he described great difficulty in finding a fire extinguisher (NFPA, 1980). In the MGM Grand Fire, the main killer was not the fire, but the black smoke which engulfed the ventilation system. The blame game has been played significantly in reference to the fire. Although hotel executives are at fault for not installing sprinklers, the NFPA states that there were considerable other major violations: code enforcement violations, fire and safety violations, installation errors, flaws with regard to design, and materials which made the fire significantly worse than it should have ever been. During the fire, the fire alarm system was not activated since no had the decency to hit the alarm button. Moreover, there were 83 building code violations (NFPA, 1980).
For a building which cost over a $106 million dollars, this borders on absurd. Soon after the fire, Kenny Gruinn was appointed on a special committee to study Nevada fire safety laws by a judge involved in the case (Craighead, 2009). His report stated empirically: ALL CASINOS IN NEVADA NEED SPRINKLERS. This became the sine qua non of all casino nomenclature following the fire. This was the most significant code development from the case. People noticed and acted—they knew the criminal and civil consequences next time around would not be so merciful. The MGM Grand fire re-vamped Nevada’s archaic fire and safety codes and enforced stringent retrofit sprinkler laws; today the state of Nevada remains one of the safest states in reference to fire and safety (Craighead, 2009).
Guests can visit and vacation knowing very well that their lives are no longer in danger. An important piece of legislation was passed which clearly outlined the fire safety codes for high-rises: the 1981 Las Vegas Retrofit Ordinance (Craighead, 2009). This bill required smoke controlled systems for all hotels operating in Las Vegas. This included old and new hotels presently under construction. Codes and standards are the key ingredients for ensuring successful fire and safety regulations. These stringent codes must pass steep evaluations and testing procedures of the Building Division of Clark Country Department of Developmental Services (Craighead, 2009). There are a ton of requirements, specifications, and procedures which must be followed. The majority of these provisions were adopted from NFPA Standard 92A; it was referred to as, “Smoke Control Systems Utilizing Barriers and Pressure Differences.” Furthermore, they have adopted two important provisions: 2006 Mechanical Code and International Building Code (IBC). These additional measures further help control, re-enforce, and advocate safety measures (Craighead, 2009).
In sum, The MGM Grand fire caused not only the loss of innocent life, but paved the way for the considerable passage of legislation which curtails the negligence of hotel executives, building officials, and contractors. There was no reason for the MGM Grand fire to cause such havoc; it could have been totally avoided. The lessons learned from the tragic fire shall never be lost, but prove an important point. In the care of people, there should never be sub-standard codes.










References


Craighead, Geoff. High-Rise Security and Fire Safety. Butterworth—Heiman Publishing, New York. 2009.

Solution for Pacific Coast Problems

The natural environment is very important to us in that we are always in touch with it. We breathe the air from the environment we live in. There are two reasons that the environment is polluted. First, it is polluted natural reasons, it’s affected usually by volcanoes and hurricanes. Volcanoes release lots of toxic gases into the air. Also, hurricanes could cause the fires which pollute the air. Second, it’s polluted by unnatural causes which are made by people. For example, people release the carbon dioxide in the air by using more transportation. Also, releasing any kind of toxic gases would pollute the environment. For example, burring the people's garbage would release toxic gases in the air. Unfortunately, in these days most people use toxic gases in their daily lives. However, there are some countries that have better control on pollution. They encourage their people to use clean energy that does not have a negative effect on the air. On the other hand, some countries do not care about air pollution. For example, the Pacific Coast has lots of pollution that is caused by the biggest industrialized countries around it, for example, China and India.

The Pacific Ocean air pollution comes from many factors. The first factor is the pollution of Chinese and Indian factories, which make products such as chemical material. The second factor is the oil transportation through the Pacific Coast from one country to another. According to a study funded the National Science Foundation, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the California Energy Commission, (Asia smog fulling Pacific storms, 2007, Para. 5), "Though the transported black carbon, most of which is soot, is an extremely small component of air pollution at land surface levels, the phenomenon has a significant heating effect on the atmosphere at altitudes above two kilometers (6,562 feet)". The third factor is the increasing of fossil fuels for transportation among people especially in China and India. As we know, India and China's populations are greater than the rest of the world's populations, so they would have more effect on the Pacific Coast environment. According to Dr. Ijaz Ahsan (2007, Para. 6)," during the last few decades, the rapacious use of fossil fuels has released tremendous and unprecedented amounts of waste gases into the air." In addition, people who throw the waste in the Pacific Coast also affect on the environment. For example, the wastage would kill Ocean's animals, also, that would affect people's health. There are three solutions for the Pacific Coast's pollution; first, we should make new rules to control plant pollution around the Pacific Coast. Second, we should decrease dependence on fossil fuel energy by using clean energy. Third, governments should support alternative energy.

First, the Asian and American governments should control this problem before it gets bigger. The air pollution affects the people and causes a lot of disease like heart disease and lung cancer. According to Richard (2006, Para.2),"on the West coast, dead and stranded sea lions found on beaches are being diagnosed with cancer similar to cancers in humans". Also, it is affecting the Pacific Ocean which kills the animals in the Ocean. According to Richard (2006, Para.2), "pollution kills 17 percent of sea’s living things. Pollution can infect humans by causing illnesses". Pollution will increase in California’s Ports in the next few years. According to George (2006), "pollution will increase and it will be responsible for killing many fish and animals". The governments can control this problem when they make the laws especially the countries which overlooking the Pacific coast. They should discuss these problems such as Canada, America and Asian cities. They should meet together every year or every month and make new ways to solve the Pacific Coast problems. For example, the government can close the factory or charge them more money for that when they send the chemical materials without taking care of it, for example, when they transport the chemical materials, such as gasoline or diesel in the old or broken containers which are spill these materials in the Pacific Ocean. In addition, the rules for the people will help them to save their lives. For example, the people must check their cars and examine themselves at least every six months. The government should make fine for the people who do not follow these instructions. Also, the government can make advertisements about this problem and tell the people how the air pollution affect them and their ocean. For example, they can put there on television, radio or the newspaper to remind them every time when they forget. The people should know the rules, and they must follow these instructions to save their life.

The second solution is that we should decrease dependence on fossil fuel energy by using clean energy. The fossil fuel affects the atmosphere, which also will negatively affect the Pacific Ocean. According to the article "Fossil Fuel and its Impact on the environment," (n.d. para. 7), "air pollution is another problem arising from the use of fossil fuels, and can result in the formation of smog. Other than causing human illness, smog can also affect the sustainability of crops. Smog seeps through the protective layer of the leaves and destroys essential cell membranes. This results in smaller yields and weaker crops, as the plants are forced to focus on internal repair and do not thrive." we should use nuclear energy to produce the electricity power. The nuclear energy produces more power with less cost. According to Patrick Moore, (2006, para. 9), "It is in fact one of the least expensive energy sources. In 2004, the average cost of producing nuclear energy in the United States was less than two cents per kilowatt-hour, comparable with coal and hydroelectric." The using of winds energy to produce the electricity is clearer than fossil fuels. Also, wind energy is inexpensive energy and abundant. Governments should increase the benefit of winds by grating the electricity by winds to keep the Pacific Coast clearer.

Third, instead of using the fossil fuel energy, supporting the alternative energy would be better. According to Neil Macled (2007, para.5), "It is a clean alternative to fossil fuels and nuclear power and it will never run out. It's silent. Solar power can be captured anywhere without creating noise pollution that might otherwise up set neighbors and wildlife." The governments could support the alternative energy by encouraging their people to use it. For example, they could make advertisements about how alternative energy would be better for our lives. Furthermore, teaching students how to use the alternative energy and how it ‘s good for our environment.

My opponents said that the government cannot control this problem. The governments can control this problem when they make the rules which I explained. The federal government should solve this problem, and people should help to prevent this problem which may cost people their lives. The federal government should avoid the reasons for pollution. If the federal government does not do any thing with that, it will be a bigger problem in the future, and we will be unable to stop it. Many people, animals, and fish will die, and we will lose many things in our lives. In addition, the federal government should force ships to use special kinds of engines. The government is responsible for this problem and it should solve the Pacific Coast pollution problem. We and the Pacific Ocean suffer from a pollution problem and we should think about this problem. All countries should meet with each other and find solutions for pollution. I think that the coming years will be difficult for people because pollution will increase every day. If the governments do not care about the Pacific Ocean problems nobody will care for these problems.

In conclusion, to make the Pacific coast environment clean, first, make new instructions to save the Pacific Coast and to control pollutions. Second, decrease use of fossil fuel as much as we can. Third, advise people to use clean energy, such as alternative energy. We need to support each other to keep our Pacific Coast clean. So I hope we can find the best way to improve this problem as soon as possible, and we can get the beautiful Ocean back again.


Reference

Prichard, J. (2005, December 13). Study: Air pollution health risk high in many Mich. Neighborhoods. Retrieved from Lexis Nexis database. June 18, 2007.

Ferrara, J. (2007). Solar Power - Advantages And Disadvantages. Retrieved from go articles, June 20, 2007
http://www.goarticles.com/cgi-bin/showa.cgi?C=283657

Moore, P. (2006, April 16). Going nuclear. Retrieved from Washingtion.com. June 21.2007 http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp -dyn/content/article/2006/04/14/AR2006041401209.html

Asia smog fuelling Pacific storms. (2007, March 6). Retrived from Nationwid International News. Retrieved from environment news. June 20.2007
http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/mar2007/2007-03-06-01.asp

Air pollution in Asian cities health worries. (2006). Voice of America News. Retrived June 1, 2007, from Lexis Nexis database.
http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe/document?_m=fe97aa0bf9ad1a79

Pacific Storms

In this article, "Science: Asia smog fuelling Pacific storms 'will melt Arctic ice': Scientists highlight threat from big rise in emissions: 'Severe pollution' blamed on rapid industrialization" the author discusses how the smog and air pollution from Asian cities affect the Pacific Ocean. In addition, that will cause warming of the Arctic. The average of storm clouds has increased the last 20 years, especially in industrial cities in places such as India and China. The Pacific's storm system plays in the Earth’s atmosphere and transporting heat. Rapid industrialization has caused air pollution over many countries such as India and China. Dr Wilson said, " the more pollution particles there are in the air, the smaller the water droplets will be." Dr Zhang, who is the leader for a research team, said they found the Pacific storms came from pollution clouds. Also, he said in the future they need to study more in the science community with global climate models.
There are indications that the Earth's temperature has been the rise steadily since 200 years ago. It is not worst weather, but some physical and biological indicators of environment have changed. Scientists expect that the Earth's temperature will increase more than ever during cent. Next year they expect that over the next hundred years it will become a more heated atmosphere on the Earth. and is not seen him rights seen before, because environmental regulations and certain forms of wildlife would lose the ability to adapt to changes. There are three problems that affect the Pacific Coast's life: air problems, ships risks, and nuclear experiences.

First, throughout history there are have been main source that pollute the atmospheres. The first reason is the natural causes that usually come from volcanoes. Volcanoes spread harmful gases into the natural air, which changes the weather. Next, the unnatural causes that are caused by human being, for example, burning forests, industrial plants, and transportation. All of these factors have affected negatively on the natural air by releasing gas in the some of carbon monoxide poison, and sulfur dioxide. Therefore, Pacific Coast's air has been polluted by volcanoes and industries.

Second, ship traffic is one of the biggest reasons for water pollution. Ships’ huge fans have two effects on water. They release small pieces of metals into water that pollute the ocean. In addition, the ship fans could kill many of the ocean's animals. Next, some ships that travel on seas transport oil and chemical materials. There are some leakages from these ships which would affect the ocean. For example, when the ocean's animals are affected by the pollution, they will die or get diseases. People who eat these animals will have health problems. So, ship’s transportation has a negative effect on the ecosystem in oceans.

Finally, nuclear energy or atomic energy is the energy released when atoms turn a door to another component atom. Radiation that comes from the nuclear plants causes genetic effects and birth defects. For example, nuclear radiation affects skin and hair color, and eyes. Also, it has negative effects on the new generation. The second problem from nuclear power is the leakages. The leakages in the ocean would kill the ocean's animals. Furthermore, the leakages in water also pollute the fresh water that people drink. Therefore, nuclear energy in the Pacific Ocean pollutes the ocean.

In conclusion, the pollution increases every day, and that affects our health and our environment. In addition, that affects the animals which live in the Pacific Ocean. Also, the ship traffic affects the ocean when they spread the chemical material. I hope do what we need to save our ocean and our environment to make good and healthy lives. We need to solve these problems to live in the future.

Reference:
Jha, Alok (2007, March 6). Science: Asia smog fuelling Pacific
storms 'will melt Arctic ice': Scientists highlight threat from big rise in emissions: 'Severe pollution' blamed on rapid industrialization. Guardian Newspapers, 12. Retrieved from LexisNexis on June8, 2007.

Air pollution


In this article "Air pollution in Asian cities spurs health worries" discusses how the Asian cities are affected by the pollution. This pollution makes health problems and affects the economy too. Some governments make good ways to help the people to breathe easily. A lot of people get sick from the air pollution which is around them. Also, the children who are under five are affected by breathing the air specially lung disease. The air pollution kills half a million people every year. These deaths occur especially in developing countries. They said this problem has good news, which is that people use vehicles, and bad news, which is that air pollution still, is at high levels. This problem will affect and kill people if the governments do not find an answer.

The Asian and American governments should control this problem before it gets bigger. The air pollution affects the people and causes a lot of disease like heart disease and lung cancer. There are two ways to solve this problem. The factories should be far away from the cities, and the governments should make rules for people and the factories.

First, the factories should be far away from the cities. When the factories are far away that will save the people's lives. For example, when the people near the factories breathe the bad air that will make disease for them. The factories make the chemical things which affect people's health and the air pollution. For example, when we make items like vehicles in a factory, we have to emit harmful gas. The emission from factories is easy to spread out to neighbors and the toxic gas floats in the atmosphere for a long time. Nowadays, transportation systems such as cars, trucks, trains, ships and airplanes, are more common in the world. These systems have been developed rapidly, and they make our life more convenient. We use them wherever we go, so we can’t live or survive in this mobile society without these systems. On the other hand, the transportation systems have a bad influence on our body and the air pollution. All of them emit abundant toxic gas from the factories. The factories should be far a way to save the people.

Second, the government should make laws for the factories and the people. When the governments greats the rules, that will save the people. For example, give the factories a fine when they build near the cities. The government can close the factory or make them more money for that. In addition, the rules for the people will help them to save their life. For example, the people must check their cars and examine themselves at least every six month. Also, the people who live near the highways will have worse health because they breathe bad air. The government should make fine, for the people who do not follow theses instructions. The people should know the rules and they must follow these instructions to save their life.

My opponents said that the government cannot control this problem. The governments can control this problem when they make the rules which I explained. The government can make advertisements about this problem and tell the people how the air pollution affect, them. For example, they can put it on TV, radio or the newspaper to remind them every time when they forget.

In conclusion, the air pollution affects us when we breathe it. The governments should find solution to this problem before it gets bigger. Many people and animals will die if we do not find the answer. Also, we need to help them to save our life too. We hope to follow the rules and the factories too, to make good and beautiful air.

Refernce:

Air pollution in Asian cities health worries. (2006). Voice of America News. Retrived June 1, 2007, from Lexis database.

Why can the government not control the Pacific coast problem? Why the do people not do anything about this problem? Why do the companies make this problem? The Pacific coast animals suffer from this problem. The pollution is a very serious risk problem for the people. The government, people and companies should care about the fish and the animals in every ocean. There are other problems that are very serious pollution in the Pacific coast. These problems are made by the companies which have a lot of ships, the companies which are near the ocean and those who cause the air pollution.

First, companies that have ships cause problems that hurt the Pacific coast. Some ship companies spread oil in the ocean and they spill the oil by mistake in the water. For example, when the ships travel from one place to another place they spread oil, gasoline and diesel that will kill the animals. The people will have a problem from these companies too. For example, when the fish have a disease, that will affect the people's health when they eat it. The biggest ports suffer from the pollution problem because many ships come from different countries and stop at these ports. For example, a lot of ships bring chemical materials and oil that spill in the ports. And it costs our lives and our environment. The companies should control this problem and find the answer.

Second, some companies which are near the ocean throw their garbage in the ocean, for example, car companies and ship companies In addition, these companies will cause pollution that will increase and it will be responsible for killing many fish and animals. This garbage contains chemicals. As a result, people and fish will be affected by this garbage. There are many illnesses that come from the pollution like cancer and heart diseases. This pollution will kill a lot of fish and will make unclear water. The people cannot swim or drink from the water. The companies should not throw the garbage in the ocean to save people's and animal's lives.

Third, air pollution affects the Pacific coast. Air pollution comes from the gas, oil and car companies. This pollution comes from these companies when they work and when they produce chemical material. In addition, these companies affect our health and our environment. Also, the toxic gas can be related to diseases which do not seem to be connected, like heart diseases. Nowadays, transportation systems, such as cars, trucks, trains, ships and airplanes, are more common in the world. These systems have been developed rapidly, and they make our life more convenient. However, the transportation systems have a bad influence on our body and the environment. These companies should find a solution to this problem before it gets bigger.

My opponents claim that the government cannot find the solution for the Pacific Ocean problem and the pollution problems. Why did they say that the government cannot control this problem? The federal government should solve this problem, and people should help to prevent this problem which may cost people their lives. The federal government should avoid the reasons for pollution. If the federal government does not do anything with that, it will be a bigger problem in the future, and we will be unable to stop it. Many people, animals, and fish will die, and we will lose many things in our lives. Also, the federal government should solve this problem before it gets bigger. The federal government should spend a lot of money to improve ports and ships. The federal government also should force ships to use special kinds of engines. These engines use cleaner-burning fuel. These engines will cost a lot of money, but it will reduce pollution in the ocean. Also, the people should think about this problem. All countries should meet with each other and find solutions for pollution. I think that the coming years will be difficult for people because pollution will increase every day.

In conclusion, the pollution increases every day, and that will affect our health and that of the animals which live in the Pacific Ocean. The government should do anything to save our lives and animal's lives. Also, the companies should make good ways to save our environment and take care of that, like what they did with their business. So the people hope to find the best way to improve this problem as soon as possible. I hope we can get the beautiful earth and Pacific Ocean back again.